Adverbial
An
adverbial or
adverb is a type of word which describes the manner of the activity of a sentence. This could be
when or
how an activity takes place
.
In English, adverbs often end -ly (
suddenly, quickly, slightly, etc). Other adverbs are time elements (
today, last night, etc) and frequency elements (
twice, always, never. etc). Several adverbials are found to have the verb suffix
-Ha' to reverse the base meaning, but these are attested words and does not mean we can make our adverbials in this fashion.
Types of adverbials
Basic adverbs
Klingon |
Translation |
Klingon |
Translation |
batlh |
honorably |
not |
never |
batlhHa' |
dishonorably |
ngugh |
then, at that time |
bong |
accidentally, unintentionally |
pay' |
suddenly |
chaq |
perhaps |
pe'vIl |
forcefully |
chIch |
on purpose, purposely |
pIj |
often, frequently |
DaH |
now |
pIjHa' |
seldom, infrequently |
Do' |
luckily, fortunately |
qen |
recently |
Do'Ha' |
unluckily, unfortunately |
QIt |
slowly |
ghaytan |
likely |
reH |
always |
ghaytanHa' |
unlikely |
roD |
regularly, habitually |
ghIq |
after that, subsequently |
rut |
sometimes |
jaS |
differently |
SIbI' |
immediately |
jaSHa' |
similarly |
SIbI'Ha' |
later, eventually |
jay' |
intensely (invective) (see below) |
tugh |
soon |
loQ |
slightly, a little bit |
tlhoS |
almost |
motlh |
usually, typically, expectedly |
tlhoy |
overly, excessively |
neH |
only, merely, just (see below) |
vabDot |
even, including, also |
nIteb |
alone |
vaj |
thus, in that case, so, accordingly, then |
nItebHa' |
together |
wej |
not yet |
nom |
fast, quickly |
'eQ |
just, a moment ago |
Time Stamps
Some "time" nouns can function as adverbials.
Numbers
Adverbials that indicate "frequency" can be made from numbers by adding the suffix
-logh .
Placing adverbials
In Klingon, an adverbial
usually comes before the
object-verb-subject construction which it describes. If there is a "time" adverbial, it precedes any other adverbial:
DaHjaj nom Soppu' Today they ate quickly
An adverbial may be placed between the object and verb if the object has the
-'e' suffix:
HaqwI''e' DaH yISam Find the surgeon now!
The
question words ghorgh (when),
qatlh (why), and
chay' (how) come at the beginning of the sentence, before anything else.
Intensification
The adverbial
jay' is unique in that it is placed at the end of a sentence and effectively turns the entire sentence into an invective
.
qaStaH nuq? |
What is happening? |
qaStaH nuq jay'? |
What the #$%@ is happening? |
mIch 'elpu' |
They've entered the sector |
mIch 'elpu' jay' |
They've entered the #$%@ sector |
Only / merely
The adverbial
neH is unique in that it follows the verb and has the effect of minimizing or trivializing the event.
qama' vIqIppu' neH I merely hit the prisoner
Duj yIQotlh neH Just disable the ship!
neH is also the only adverbial can follow a noun, where it means
only, alone.
yaS neH yIqIp Hit only the officer!
Exclamations
Some adverbials can occur alone, functioning much like
exclamations.
nom Quickly! wej Not yet!
References
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