Adverbial

An adverbial or adverb is a type of word which describes the manner of the activity of a sentence. This could be when or how an activity takes place (1).

In English, adverbs often end -ly (suddenly, quickly, slightly, etc). Other adverbs are time elements (today, last night, etc) and frequency elements (twice, always, never. etc). Several adverbials are found to have the verb suffix -Ha' to reverse the base meaning, but these are attested words and does not mean we can make our adverbials in this fashion.

Types of adverbials

Basic adverbs

Klingon	Translation	Klingon	Translation
batlh	honorably	not	never
batlhHa'	dishonorably	ngugh	then, at that time
bong	accidentally, unintentionally	pay'	suddenly
chaq	perhaps	pe'vIl	forcefully
chIch	on purpose, purposely	pIj	often, frequently
DaH	now	pIjHa'	seldom, infrequently
Do'	luckily, fortunately	qen	recently
Do'Ha'	unluckily, unfortunately	QIt	slowly
ghaytan	likely	reH	always
ghaytanHa'	unlikely	roD	regularly, habitually
ghIq	after that, subsequently	rut	sometimes
jaS	differently	SIbI'	immediately
jaSHa'	similarly	SIbI'Ha'	later, eventually
jay'	intensely (invective) (see below)	tugh	soon
loQ	slightly, a little bit	tlhoS	almost
motlh	usually, typically, expectedly	tlhoy	overly, excessively
neH	only, merely, just (see below)	vabDot	even, including, also
nIteb	alone	vaj	thus, in that case, so, accordingly, then
nItebHa'	together	wej	not yet
nom	fast, quickly	'eQ	just, a moment ago

Time Stamps

Some "time" nouns can function as adverbials.

Klingon	Translation	Klingon	Translation
DaHjaj	today	DaHjaj po	this morning
wa'Hu'	yesterday	wa'Hu' ram	last night
wa'leS	tomorrow	wa'leS po	tomorrow morning

Numbers

Adverbials that indicate "frequency" can be made from numbers by adding the suffix -logh (2).

Number	Translation	Frequency	Translation
wa'	one	wa'logh	once
cha'	two	cha'logh	twice
chorgh	eight	chorghlogh	eight times

Placing adverbials

In Klingon, an adverbial usually comes before the object-verb-subject construction which it describes. If there is a "time" adverbial, it precedes any other adverbial:
DaHjaj nom Soppu' Today they ate quickly (3)

An adverbial may be placed between the object and verb if the object has the -'e' suffix:
HaqwI''e' DaH yISam Find the surgeon now!

The question words ghorgh (when), qatlh (why), and chay' (how) come at the beginning of the sentence, before anything else. (4)

Intensification

The adverbial jay' is unique in that it is placed at the end of a sentence and effectively turns the entire sentence into an invective (5).

qaStaH nuq?	What is happening?	qaStaH nuq jay'?	What the #$%@ is happening?
mIch 'elpu'	They've entered the sector	mIch 'elpu' jay'	They've entered the #$%@ sector

Only / merely

The adverbial neH is unique in that it follows the verb and has the effect of minimizing or trivializing the event.
qama' vIqIppu' neH I merely hit the prisoner
Duj yIQotlh neH Just disable the ship!
neH is also the only adverbial can follow a noun, where it means only, alone. yaS neH yIqIp Hit only the officer!

Exclamations

Some adverbials can occur alone, functioning much like exclamations. nom Quickly! wej Not yet!

References

1 : The Klingon Dictionary 5.4, p. 55

2 : The Klingon Dictionary 5.2, p. 55

3 : The Klingon Dictionary, chapter 6.7

4 : The Klingon Dictionary, chapter 6.4

5 : The Klingon Dictionary 5.4, p. 177